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Use this online Water Hammer Calculator to find the Pressure increase in water hammer. Water hammer (fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave that occurs when the fluid flowing in a particular direction is forced to stop or change direction. The below water hammer calculator helps you calculate Pressure Increase (P), Flow Velocity (V), Upstream Pipe Length (L), Valve Closing Time (t) and Inlet Pressure (Pi) alternatively with the other known values. Use this online Water Hammer Calculator to find the Pressure increase in water hammer. Water hammer (fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave that occurs when the fluid flowing in a particular direction is forced to stop or change direction. The below water hammer calculator helps you calculate Pressure Increase (P), Flow Velocity (V), Upstream Pipe Length (L), Valve Closing Time (t) and Inlet Pressure (Pi) alternatively with the other known values. Code to add this calci to your website Formula:P = ((0.07 × V × L) / t) + Pi V = ((Pi - P) × t)/(0.07 × L)L = ((Pi - P) × t) / (0.07 × V)t = ((0.07 × V × L) / (P - Pi)Pi = P - ((0.07 × V × L) / t)Where, P = Pressure Increase V = Flow Velocity L = Upstream Pipe Length t = Valve Closing Time Pi = Inlet Pressure Example: Water Hammer Calculation for Pressure IncreaseFind the pressure increase in water hammer if the flow velocity, upstream pipe length, valve closing time and inlet pressure values are 23 ft/s, 10 ft, 5 s and 7 pound / inch2.Solution: P = ((0.07 × 23 × 10) / 5) + 7 = 10.22 pound / inch2 (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});

Have a water supply that is controlled by solenoid valves. These are electrically operated and they stop the flow of water immediately. When this happens, the water reflects back up the pipe and creates a shock wave that causes the bang.Worn Stop ValvesThe hammering may also be caused by worn stop valves. Stop valves can cause water hammer if they have loose gland packing and/or worn washers. The valves will generally be open when the water hammer shock wave travels through the pipework and the shockwave could well 'rattle' the valve handle and a loose jumper.Clogged Air ChambersIf you’ve never had water hammer and one day you suddenly experience it out of the blue, then it’s likely your water system’s air chambers are blocked. These chambers often become blocked with water or residue from minerals found in water. The blockage will stop the chamber from absorbing the pressure in your system and, as a result, you will hear an occasional bang.Water Ripples from the TankAnother cause of hammering pipes is water ripples created by a float valve inside your water tank. When water flows into the tank, the valve float rocks up and down, constantly closing and opening the valve. This creates a “wave system” that echoes along the pipes, causing the hammering sound. Plastic water tanks can flex considerably, so they should have a reinforcing plate (metal) to stop them moving.Fast-acting valvesA common cause of water hammer can be fast-acting valves on appliances such as washing machines or dishwashers. These valves suddenly stop the water that is moving along the pipes. A shockwave results and this causes the pipes to shudder, causing the banging. The banging gets worse as the valves are worn.How to Stop Water HammerWater hammer isn’t just irritating - it can also go on to damage

Modeling different cases of Soil in CAEPIPE Read Tutorial PDF DOWNLOAD Tutorial Package (.zip) Tutorial for Response Spectrum Analysis using CAEPIPE Steps to perform response spectrum analysis Read Tutorial PDF DOWNLOAD Tutorial Package (.zip) Tutorial for Pressure Relief Valve (PRV) Load Analysis using CAEPIPE Simplified methodology to perform piping analysis for PRV loads Read Tutorial PDF DOWNLOAD Tutorial Package (.zip) Tutorial for Harmonic Analysis using CAEPIPE Steps to analyse pipe stress models with harmonic loads Read Tutorial PDF DOWNLOAD Tutorial Package (.zip) Tutorial for Steam Hammer Analysis using CAEPIPE Steps to perform time history analysis for steam hammer loads (i.e., fluid hammer analysis) Read Tutorial PDF DOWNLOAD Tutorial Package (.zip) Tutorial for Force Spectrum Analysis using CAEPIPE Steps to perform pipe stress analysis with force spectrum loads Read Tutorial PDF DOWNLOAD Tutorial Package (.zip) Tutorial for Slug Flow Analysis using CAEPIPE Steps to perform pipe stress analysis with slug flow loads Read Tutorial PDF DOWNLOAD Tutorial Package (.zip) Tutorial for Random Vibration Analysis using CAEPIPE Steps to perform pipe stress analysis with Random Vibration loads Read Tutorial PDF DOWNLOAD Tutorial Package (.zip) Tutorial for District Heating Piping as per EN 13941-1 (2019) using CAEPIPE Steps to perform District Heating Piping analysis using CAEPIPE Read Tutorial PDF DOWNLOAD Tutorial Package (.zip) Tutorial on Structural Analysis using BEAM elements of CAEPIPE Steps to model and analyze equipment support frames Read Tutorial PDF DOWNLOAD Tutorial Package (.zip)

Different components of your plumbing and pumping systems. That’s why it’s important to get rid of water hammer as soon as possible. A loose pipe or worn stop value could end up costing you thousands of pounds.Secure Any Loose PipesIf loose pipes are turning mild shock waves into loud bangs, you can prevent it by securing pipe straps, adding new pipe straps or tightening studs or joists.Remember, do not mix different metals when securing pipes. A steel strap should not be used to secure a copper pipe or vice versa. Different metals can chemically react and cause corrosion of the metal.If the problem pipes are located in hidden areas, then you will more than likely need a plumber to come out and help you find the issue.Wrap Pipes in Foam InsulationAnother idea is to wrap pipes in foam insulation. The foam should help prevent banging by absorbing the shock waves. This can also help prevent pipes from freezing in the winter. Make sure to leave space for expansion around the pipe.Fix Washing Machines or DishwashersIf the banging only occurs when using the washing machine or dishwasher, then the problem is likely the solenoid valve. The solenoid valve is a component of your machine used to shut off the water supply. If the response time of the solenoid valve is too quick, then the fluid inside the valve is abruptly stopped. In this case, the fluid reflects like a wave causing a shock wave back up the pipe that you hear as a bang. The simple fix is to choose a solenoid valve or other valve type that has a slower response time.Install a Water-Pressure RegulatorA common cause of water hammer is high water pressure. If your pressure is running near 100 psi, then it’s likely the cause of your issue.

The magnitude of the water hammer depends onFluid propertiesVelocity of flowModulus of Elasticity of the pipe materialLength of the pipe lineSpeed in which the momentum of the fluid changesThe low modulus of elasticity of fiberglass contributes to a self dampening effect as the pressure wave travels through the piping system. The magnitude of pressure wave in a metallic piping system is much higher due to the higher modulus of elasticity of these materials. In addition to rapid valve closure or opening, sudden air release and pump start up or shut down can create water hammer. Talbot formula gives:where,a = Wave velocity (ft/s)P = Surge Pressure (psi)v = Change in flow velocity (ft/s)w = Density of fluid (lb/ft3)SG = Specific gravity of fluidK = Bulk modulus of fluid (psi)E = Hoop modulus of elasticity (psi)d = Inside diameter of pipe (inch)t = Pipe wall thickness (inch)g = Acceleration due to gravity (ft/s2)Good design practice usually prevents water hammer in most systems. Installation of valves which cannot open or close rapidly is one simple precaution. In addition, pumps should never be started into empty discharge lines unless slow opening mechanically actuated valves can increase the flow rate gradually. Check valves on pumps should close as quickly as possible to minimize the velocity of fluid flowing back. In some cases, thoroughly anchoring the piping system may mitigate this problem. In other cases, mechanical valve operators, accumulators, or feedback loops around pumps may have to be used to remove the source of water hammer.

The GoldSrc engine (also known as Goldsource) is a heavily modified version of the QuakeWorld engine codebase, which in turn is a development of the Quake engine's codebase. Some minor fixes from the Quake II engine were incorporated as it was developed.Originally, GoldSrc's netcode, the coding that handles online multiplayer, was similar to the one in the QuakeWorld engine. However, in 2001, Valve implanted a new netcode that was designed to make it easier for players with high ping to play well via "lag compensation".During the early development of Half-Life 2, an experimental engine known now as Source was made, debuting with Counter-Strike: Source and Half-Life 2 in 2004.The engine has been officially abandoned in favor of the Source engine (except for minor maintenance updates) although the GoldSrc engine is still used by third party developers, mainly for mods.Similarities with the Quake Engine[]GoldSrc's map format, BSP, is very similar to Quake's map format, BSP as well. The only major differences are with how it handles lighting storage and how the game loads textures. The BSP versions of GoldSrc and Quake are so similar that early versions of Hammer could edit Quake and Quake II maps. With a few alterations, version 3.3 of Hammer can be used to create Quake maps.Uncompiled GoldSrc maps use the MAP format, which is also used by Quake's uncompiled maps.Both the GoldSrc and Quake engine use the WAD format to store and load textures. The only differences between the two formats is that each texture in a GoldSrc WAD file has its own pallet, instead of sharing from one pallet used by all of the textures, and the file header; Quake uses WAD2, while GoldSrc uses WAD3. The WAD2 (and thus, WAD3) format itself is based on the WAD format used in the Doom engine. In addition, the Half-Life SDK includes a tool for making WAD files called qlumpy.exe. qlumpy.exe is also used to create Quake WAD files.The GoldSrc and Quake engines use PAK files to store data, such as levels and models.Licensed games[]Half-Life (Valve Corporation, 1998)Half-Life: Opposing Force (Gearbox Software, 1999)Counter-Strike (Valve Corporation, 1999-2000)Team Fortress Classic (Valve Corporation, 1999)Gunman Chronicles (Rewolf Software, 2000)Half-Life: Blue Shift (Gearbox Software, 2001)James Bond 007: Nightfire (Gearbox Software, 2002)Ricochet (Half-Life) (Valve Corporation, 2000)Deathmatch Classic (Valve Corporation, 2002)Day of Defeat (Valve Corporation, 2003)Counter-Strike: Condition Zero (Valve Corporation, Ritual Entertainment, Gearbox Software, Turtle Rock Studios, 2004)See also[]SourceExternal links[]GoldSrc at Wikipedia